For the Binary Tree Question, I know that the equation is true, from having tried examples of it.
e.g. from the following sketch, the sum would be: 1/8 + 1/8 + 1/4 + 1/2 = 1.
And the equality is true whenever the binary tree is full/complete, i.e. each node has 0 or 2 children.
http://www.apcx.3rror.com/images/binaryTreeSketch.JPG
But I don't know how to make a formal proof of this. Would greatly appreciate some help with this.
If I were to use induction, what would the base case, and n-th case be? Do I use an example of a complete/incomplete binary tree?