A lot of important questions here, so I will try and answer them the best I can.

First, the main difference between passing by value and passing by reference.. When we pass by value, the receiving...

This is a prime example of how I see some students graduate in computer science and don't understand basic object oriented programming concepts. You need to figure this out yourself. Of course if you...

To be a bit clearer, you can use the stringstream class like so:

#include <iostream>
#include <sstream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
stringstream ss; // our stringstream object
...