If the IP you found the system assigned to itself was in the 169.254.x.x range, that means that your box could not connect to the DHCP server. Linux, Windows, and Mac boxen will all default to that range if unable to obtain a valid IP via DHCP.
You definitely do need to have a DHCP client running, and as already mentioned, if you accidentally installed and ran a DCHP server on the Linux box you'll have conflicts.
dhclient, dhcpcd, and pump are the three most-used DHCP client programs. You can see if you have one of them running by opening a terminal window and typing the following two commands:
ps ax |grep dhc
ps ax |grep pump
Also, posting the exact text of the "could not join..." error would be of great help. You can view your bootup message/error log with the following command; anything helpful in there?:
dmesg |less
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