"I know that C++ can do many things, but can C++ draw out things from a database, ship it across the internet, and then be used to create a spreadsheet?"
MS Office is written in C, C++, and its variants, so sure. A carpenter can build an entire house using only one kind of hammer, too.
Probably the best thing to do is to partner with someone with the server-side knowledge; there's a bunch of databases available, some free some not, and certainly lots of server stuff around that can access those databases. Then find a friend who can build web pages, because with XSL and XML and the like you can create spreadsheet-looking pages and supply whatever data you want to them.
It's a tall order to learn it all yourself quickly, though.