It shouldn't be too difficult. You could either create another function to display the polynomial or add a couple of cout statements in your current function. In either case, you'll probably need two for loops, an outer one that will iterate over f(x0), f[x0, x1], ..., f[x0, ... xn] and an inner one that will iterate over x0, x1, ..., xk, for each f[x0, ..., xk] (it looks like you store x0, x1, ..., xk as trap[0][0], trap[1][0], ..., trap[k][0], so, you already have everything you need). By the way, I believe you also need to use two loops in order to compute the value of the polynomial (which implies that your current code doesn't calculate the result correctly).
Also, I have a question too: Do you need this for Mrs. Gousidou's exercise?
EDIT:
Ok, I see what you do now. You don't need two loops to compute the result. But if you want to print the polynomial, you'll need two loops.