You can program some chips in .NET, take the Netduino, for instance:
http://www.netduino.com/
That's the first one that comes to mind. I think there are also other boards running the .NET Micro framework, too.
alc6379
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C/C++ is going to get you as close to the metal as possible, but don't discount .NET for this-- if you're going to be interfacing with a video camera, you'll probably have easier access to video processing modules, etc, with a higher level language.
alc6379
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