Just from the top of my head, I have to suggest that for the general case there is no (known to humankind) answer. That is, if the problem is, there is a relationship of the form
answer = (function of) input variables
(sorry that I can't do proper math representations here)
and you want to be able to observe some collection of answers and variables and use those to derive an answer for 'function'.
i) You will have noted that in cryptography, one of the points of trapdoor functions is, in the general case, that you can't even take 'answer' and 'function' and work out what the input variables had been. This alone makes it seem unlikely that a general solution for your problem can be ever found.
ii) If you could constrain 'function' to be linear, there would be a possibility of a solution, but the number of data points would be arbitrarily large. That is, if the only constraint that you fave is that 'function' is linear, you would need infinity plus one points in order to achieve a solution.
iii) If you could constrain the function further, there would be a theoretical possibility, but you would have to clarify what functions were possible.