This would be a subquery in your larger query:
(SELECT
CASE WHEN `office` = 'president' THEN 1
CASE WHEN `office` = 'vice-president' THEN 2
CASE WHEN `office` = 'secretary' THEN 3
# fill in the rest
ELSE 4 END) as sort
where sort is the alias we've created to prioritize certain values, so the larger query becomes something like...
SELECT col1, col2,
(SELECT
CASE WHEN `office` = 'president' THEN 1
CASE WHEN `office` = 'vice-president' THEN 2
CASE WHEN `office` = 'secretary' THEN 3
# fill in the rest
ELSE 4 END) as sort
FROM table
WHERE col4 = 'value'
ORDER BY sort ASC
Make sure you're table is well indexed, because this will slow a query way the hell down. In the future, when dealing with titles that have a rank, you might want to use a separate table that links the text title to an integer value.