Member Avatar for Ghostenshell

Trying to find an easier way to write my code. I am using the graphics.py module.
I will add the graphics program as an attachment for anyone who does not have it or doesn't know what I am talking about.

The first program I made is archery. Just simple circles and different colors. The second one is 5 dice. I'm trying to center everything and its not finished but has the basic code. I will post the dice program after this one. Convert graphics into a py file type.

from graphics import *

def main():

    win = GraphWin("Archery Target", 500, 500)
    
    shape1 = Circle(Point(250,250), 250)
    shape1.setOutline('white')
    shape1.setFill('white')
    
    shape2 = Circle(Point(250,250),200)
    shape2.setOutline('black')
    shape2.setFill('black')
    
    shape3 = Circle(Point(250,250),150)
    shape3.setOutline('blue')
    shape3.setFill('blue')
    
    shape4 = Circle(Point(250,250),100)
    shape4.setOutline('red')
    shape4.setFill('red')
    
    shape5 = Circle(Point(250,250),50)
    shape5.setOutline('yellow')
    shape5.setFill('yellow')
    
    shape1.draw(win)
    shape2.draw(win)
    shape3.draw(win)
    shape4.draw(win)
    shape5.draw(win)
    win.getMouse()
    win.close()
main()
# graphics.py
"""Simple object oriented graphics library  

The library is designed to make it very easy for novice programmers to
experiment with computer graphics in an object oriented fashion. It is
written by John Zelle for use with the book "Python Programming: An
Introduction to Computer Science" (Franklin, Beedle & Associates).

LICENSE: This is open-source software released under the terms of the
GPL (http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html).

PLATFORMS: The package is a wrapper around Tkinter and should run on
any platform where Tkinter is available.

INSTALLATION: Put this file somewhere where Python can see it.

OVERVIEW: There are two kinds of objects in the library. The GraphWin
class implements a window where drawing can be done and various
GraphicsObjects are provided that can be drawn into a GraphWin. As a
simple example, here is a complete program to draw a circle of radius
10 centered in a 100x100 window:

--------------------------------------------------------------------
from graphics import *

def main():
    win = GraphWin("My Circle", 100, 100)
    c = Circle(Point(50,50), 10)
    c.draw(win)
    win.getMouse() # Pause to view result
    win.close()    # Close window when done

main()
--------------------------------------------------------------------
GraphWin objects support coordinate transformation through the
setCoords method and pointer-based input through getMouse.

The library provides the following graphical objects:
    Point
    Line
    Circle
    Oval
    Rectangle
    Polygon
    Text
    Entry (for text-based input)
    Image

Various attributes of graphical objects can be set such as
outline-color, fill-color and line-width. Graphical objects also
support moving and hiding for animation effects.

The library also provides a very simple class for pixel-based image
manipulation, Pixmap. A pixmap can be loaded from a file and displayed
using an Image object. Both getPixel and setPixel methods are provided
for manipulating the image.

DOCUMENTATION: For complete documentation, see Chapter 4 of "Python
Programming: An Introduction to Computer Science" by John Zelle,
published by Franklin, Beedle & Associates.  Also see
http://mcsp.wartburg.edu/zelle/python for a quick reference"""

# Version 4.0.1 10/08/2009
#     * Modified the autoflush on GraphWin to default to True
#     * Autoflush check on close, setBackground
#     * Fixed getMouse to flush pending clicks at entry
# Version 4.0 08/2009
#     * Reverted to non-threaded version. The advantages (robustness,
#         efficiency, ability to use with other Tk code, etc.) outweigh
#         the disadvantage that interactive use with IDLE is slightly more
#         cumbersome.
#     * Modified to run in either Python 2.x or 3.x (same file).
#     * Added Image.getPixmap()
#     * Added update() -- stand alone function to cause any pending
#           graphics changes to display.
#
# Version 3.4 10/16/07
#     Fixed GraphicsError to avoid "exploded" error messages.
# Version 3.3 8/8/06
#     Added checkMouse method to GraphWin
# Version 3.2.3
#     Fixed error in Polygon init spotted by Andrew Harrington
#     Fixed improper threading in Image constructor
# Version 3.2.2 5/30/05
#     Cleaned up handling of exceptions in Tk thread. The graphics package
#     now raises an exception if attempt is made to communicate with
#     a dead Tk thread.
# Version 3.2.1 5/22/05
#     Added shutdown function for tk thread to eliminate race-condition
#        error "chatter" when main thread terminates
#     Renamed various private globals with _
# Version 3.2 5/4/05
#     Added Pixmap object for simple image manipulation.
# Version 3.1 4/13/05
#     Improved the Tk thread communication so that most Tk calls
#        do not have to wait for synchonization with the Tk thread.
#        (see _tkCall and _tkExec)
# Version 3.0 12/30/04
#     Implemented Tk event loop in separate thread. Should now work
#        interactively with IDLE. Undocumented autoflush feature is
#        no longer necessary. Its default is now False (off). It may
#        be removed in a future version.
#     Better handling of errors regarding operations on windows that
#       have been closed.
#     Addition of an isClosed method to GraphWindow class.

# Version 2.2 8/26/04
#     Fixed cloning bug reported by Joseph Oldham.
#     Now implements deep copy of config info.
# Version 2.1 1/15/04
#     Added autoflush option to GraphWin. When True (default) updates on
#        the window are done after each action. This makes some graphics
#        intensive programs sluggish. Turning off autoflush causes updates
#        to happen during idle periods or when flush is called.
# Version 2.0
#     Updated Documentation
#     Made Polygon accept a list of Points in constructor
#     Made all drawing functions call TK update for easier animations
#          and to make the overall package work better with
#          Python 2.3 and IDLE 1.0 under Windows (still some issues).
#     Removed vestigial turtle graphics.
#     Added ability to configure font for Entry objects (analogous to Text)
#     Added setTextColor for Text as an alias of setFill
#     Changed to class-style exceptions
#     Fixed cloning of Text objects

# Version 1.6
#     Fixed Entry so StringVar uses _root as master, solves weird
#            interaction with shell in Idle
#     Fixed bug in setCoords. X and Y coordinates can increase in
#           "non-intuitive" direction.
#     Tweaked wm_protocol so window is not resizable and kill box closes.

# Version 1.5
#     Fixed bug in Entry. Can now define entry before creating a
#     GraphWin. All GraphWins are now toplevel windows and share
#     a fixed root (called _root).

# Version 1.4
#     Fixed Garbage collection of Tkinter images bug.
#     Added ability to set text atttributes.
#     Added Entry boxes.

import time, os, sys

try:  # import as appropriate for 2.x vs. 3.x
   import tkinter as tk
except:
   import Tkinter as tk


##########################################################################
# Module Exceptions

class GraphicsError(Exception):
    """Generic error class for graphics module exceptions."""
    pass

OBJ_ALREADY_DRAWN = "Object currently drawn"
UNSUPPORTED_METHOD = "Object doesn't support operation"
BAD_OPTION = "Illegal option value"
DEAD_THREAD = "Graphics thread quit unexpectedly"

_root = tk.Tk()
_root.withdraw()

def update():
    _root.update()

############################################################################
# Graphics classes start here
        
class GraphWin(tk.Canvas):

    """A GraphWin is a toplevel window for displaying graphics."""

    def __init__(self, title="Graphics Window",
                 width=200, height=200, autoflush=True):
        master = tk.Toplevel(_root)
        master.protocol("WM_DELETE_WINDOW", self.close)
        tk.Canvas.__init__(self, master, width=width, height=height)
        self.master.title(title)
        self.pack()
        master.resizable(0,0)
        self.foreground = "black"
        self.items = []
        self.mouseX = None
        self.mouseY = None
        self.bind("<Button-1>", self._onClick)
        self.height = height
        self.width = width
        self.autoflush = autoflush
        self._mouseCallback = None
        self.trans = None
        self.closed = False
        master.lift()
        if autoflush: _root.update()
     
    def __checkOpen(self):
        if self.closed:
            raise GraphicsError("window is closed")

    def setBackground(self, color):
        """Set background color of the window"""
        self.__checkOpen()
        self.config(bg=color)
        self.__autoflush()
        
    def setCoords(self, x1, y1, x2, y2):
        """Set coordinates of window to run from (x1,y1) in the
        lower-left corner to (x2,y2) in the upper-right corner."""
        self.trans = Transform(self.width, self.height, x1, y1, x2, y2)

    def close(self):
        """Close the window"""

        if self.closed: return
        self.closed = True
        self.master.destroy()
        self.__autoflush()


    def isClosed(self):
        return self.closed


    def __autoflush(self):
        if self.autoflush:
            _root.update()

    
    def plot(self, x, y, color="black"):
        """Set pixel (x,y) to the given color"""
        self.__checkOpen()
        xs,ys = self.toScreen(x,y)
        self.create_line(xs,ys,xs+1,ys, fill=color)
        self.__autoflush()
        
    def plotPixel(self, x, y, color="black"):
        """Set pixel raw (independent of window coordinates) pixel
        (x,y) to color"""
        self.__checkOpen()
        self.create_line(x,y,x+1,y, fill=color)
        self.__autoflush()
      
    def flush(self):
        """Update drawing to the window"""
        self.__checkOpen()
        self.update_idletasks()

        
    def getMouse(self):
        """Wait for mouse click and return Point object representing
        the click"""
        self.update()      # flush any prior clicks
        self.mouseX = None
        self.mouseY = None
        while self.mouseX == None or self.mouseY == None:
            self.update()
            if self.isClosed(): raise GraphicsError("getMouse in closed window")
            time.sleep(.1) # give up thread
        x,y = self.toWorld(self.mouseX, self.mouseY)
        self.mouseX = None
        self.mouseY = None
        return Point(x,y)

    def checkMouse(self):
        """Return last mouse click or None if mouse has
        not been clicked since last call"""
        if self.isClosed():
            raise GraphicsError("checkMouse in closed window")
        self.update()
        if self.mouseX != None and self.mouseY != None:
            x,y = self.toWorld(self.mouseX, self.mouseY)
            self.mouseX = None
            self.mouseY = None
            return Point(x,y)
        else:
            return None
            
    def getHeight(self):
        """Return the height of the window"""
        return self.height
        
    def getWidth(self):
        """Return the width of the window"""
        return self.width
    
    def toScreen(self, x, y):
        trans = self.trans
        if trans:
            return sel
Edited by Ghostenshell because: for got first line of code
  • 2 Contributors
  • 2 Replies
  • 2K Views
  • 7 Hours Discussion Span
  • Latest Post Latest Post by TrustyTony

Recommended Answers

All 2 Replies

Member Avatar for Ghostenshell

This is the dice program. It is not finished. I am still working on it.

from graphics import *

def main():
    
    win = GraphWin("Dice",400,85,)
    
    shape = Rectangle(Point(10,10), Point(75,75))
    shape.setOutline("black")
    shape.setFill("white")
    shape.draw(win)

    cir = Circle(Point(42, 42.5), 3)
    cir.setOutline("black")
    cir.setFill("black")
    cir.draw(win)
    
    shape2 = Rectangle(Point(90,10), Point(155,75))
    shape2.setOutline("black")
    shape2.setFill("white")
    shape2.draw(win)

    shape3 = Rectangle(Point(170,10), Point(235,75))
    shape3.setOutline("black")
    shape3.setFill("white")
    shape3.draw(win)

    cir3 = Circle(Point(203, 42.5), 3)
    cir3.setOutline("black")
    cir3.setFill("black")
    cir3.draw(win)

    shape4 = Rectangle(Point(250,10), Point(315,75))
    shape4.setOutline("black")
    shape4.setFill("white")
    shape4.draw(win)

    shape5 = Rectangle(Point(330,10), Point(395,75))
    shape5.setOutline("black")
    shape5.setFill("white")
    shape5.draw(win)

    win.getMouse()
    win.close()
main()
Member Avatar for TrustyTony

Your programs are just sequence of actions with fixed constant parameters repeatedly used again and again. Use loops, variables and functions.

Be a part of the DaniWeb community

We're a friendly, industry-focused community of developers, IT pros, digital marketers, and technology enthusiasts meeting, networking, learning, and sharing knowledge.