I want to build a web app that student be able to enter his/her student id and shows his/her assigned advisor.

I think that I 've to build a table in SQL with two attributes 'studendID' and 'advisorName'

Yes, that would be the first step.
The second step is to ensure relational integrity, which means that your system has to make sure that only valid student IDs and advisor names can be entered. Therefore you need also a student table and an advisor table and two foreign key relations. Alternatively you could make both studentID and advisorName enum fields which can contain only a fixed set of values. But this would be a quite unflexible design.

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