>>> db = {}
>>> h_back = 50
>>> db['hremspace'] = h_back
>>> db
{'hremspace': 50}
>>> heremspace
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<interactive input>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'heremspace' is not defined
>>> #So you will get an NameError if hremspace only excit in a dictionary
If this line shall work. for h_back in hremspace != 3000 : Somewhere in your code hremspace has to be defined or do you mean to take value for hremspace out off dictionary.
Parser should skip the comments. I did a test in BeautifulSoup(3.08) dont use newer version.
xml = """
<Label> Hello!</Label>
<!-- The above label says Hello.
-- It is clear, no? Let's try spicing it up a bit.
-- Add some color to it.
-->
<Label color="#FF0000">HI I'M RED-Y.</Label>
"""
from BeautifulSoup import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(xml)
matches = soup.findAll('label')
for i,match in enumerate(matches):
print i, match.text
'''Out-->
0 Hello!
1 HI I'M RED-Y.
'''
Thanks everyone. Snippsat, what if you want them with a different number or arguments?
Use the power off python list,dict,set as default argument. The link tony show the use off *arg(tuple) **arg(dictionary) Python has much power up it`s sleeves. Maybe simpler to understand it like this.
In the above code, why are the three lines following the second for loop encased in parentheses? And what is the last of those three lines.(639-randint? How did they just slap a number and a dash right in front of a function. Thanks for any and all replies.
Why dont you test it out?
>>> from random import * #bad way to import
>>> from random import randint
>>> random_color = (randint(0, 255), randint(0, 255), randint(0, 255))
>>> random_color
(164, 184, 42)
>>> repr(random_color)
'(164, 184, 42)'
>>> random_color = randint(0, 255), randint(0, 255), randint(0, 255)
>>> random_color
(130, 206, 142)
>>> repr(random_color)
'(130, 206, 142)'
>>> #As you see the same
On a side note, why doesn't python support function, method, and constructor overloading? And what does it do to compensate?
Python does not support function overloading but compensate well by use off default arguments and keyword arguments. There are also rather ugly global statement,that we dont talk about.
def foo(n=None):
if n is None: n = 10
return n + 20
print foo()
#-->30
If we talk about a class. The constructor for a Python class is def __init__(self, ...): and you cannot overload it. What you can do is use defaults for the arguments.
Just a tips. re.findall is returning a list,so there is not necessary to use list().
import re
text = '''\
hello, my name is george. How are you? Today
i am not feeling very well. I consider myself to be
sick.
'''
word_pattern = re.findall(r'\w+', text)
print word_pattern
""" Out-->
['hello', 'my', 'name', 'is', 'george', 'How', 'are', 'you', 'Today', 'i', 'am', 'not', 'feeling', 'very', 'well', 'I', 'consider', 'myself', 'to', 'be', 'sick']
"""
def foo():
from random import *
print randrange(5,8)
foo()
#--><module1>:1: SyntaxWarning: import * only allowed at module level
5
from random import randrange
def foo():
from random import *
print randrange(5,8)
foo()
#-->6
Is there anyway from looking at my code that I can determine which items I need to import from pyExcelerator?
Use dir(pyExcelerator)
>>> import random
>>> dir(random)
['BPF', 'LOG4', 'NV_MAGICCONST', 'RECIP_BPF', 'Random', 'SG_MAGICCONST', 'SystemRandom', 'TWOPI', 'WichmannHill', '_BuiltinMethodType', '_MethodType', '__all__', '__builtins__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__name__', '__package__', '_acos', '_ceil', '_cos', '_e', '_exp', '_hexlify', '_inst', '_log', '_pi', '_random', '_sin', '_sqrt', '_test', '_test_generator', '_urandom', '_warn', 'betavariate', 'choice', 'division', 'expovariate', 'gammavariate', 'gauss', 'getrandbits', 'getstate', 'jumpahead', 'lognormvariate', 'normalvariate', 'paretovariate', 'randint', 'random', 'randrange', 'sample', 'seed', 'setstate', 'shuffle', 'triangular', 'uniform', 'vonmisesvariate', 'weibullvariate']
>>> help(random.shuffle)
Help on method shuffle in module random:
shuffle(self, x, random=None, int=<type 'int'>) method of random.Random instance
x, random=random.random -> shuffle list x in place; return None.
Optional arg random is a 0-argument function returning a random
float in [0.0, 1.0); by default, the standard random.random.
>>>
Import shall always be on the top,not inside a function. That`s why you get this warning. SyntaxWarning: import * only allowed at module level
DON'T do this: from pyExcelerator import * unless you are absolutely sure that you will use each and every thing in that module. And even then, you should probably reconsider using a different approach.
Better. from pyExcelerator import <something> Then use it like this: something()
import pyExcelerator as Ex Then use it like this: Ex.something()
import pyExcelerator Then use it like this: pyExcelerator.something()
Example:
#dir(random) #show functions/methods in random
>>> from random import randrange
>>> randrange(1,10)
3
>>> import random as R
>>> R.randrange(5,14)
12
>>> import random
>>> random.randrange(2,8)
6
thanks for your help, i found a solution, installing C runtime library on the target machine can fix this problem, here is the link if any one needs it :
Yes because it need "MSVCR90.dll". For Python2.6, this is MSVCR90.dll version 9.0.21022.8, which can be obtained from the Microsoft Visual C++ 2008 Redistributable Package.
Here is the code rewritten in wxpython,so you can compare. Wxpython is a good gui-toolkit and it look better in windows than Tkinter. vega_convert_to_wxpython.rar
import wx
class MyFrame(wx.Frame):
def __init__(self, parent, mytitle, mysize):
wx.Frame.__init__(self, parent, wx.ID_ANY, mytitle, size=mysize)
#---| Window color |---#
self.SetBackgroundColour("light blue")
#---| Panel for frame |---#
panel = wx.Panel(self)
#---| Static Text |---#
self.l1 = wx.StaticText(panel, -1, 'Enter nr x:',
pos = (45, 10), size = (150,16 )).SetForegroundColour('blue')
self.l2 = wx.StaticText(panel, -1, 'Enter nr y:',
pos = (45, 60), size = (150,16 )).SetForegroundColour('blue')
self.result = wx.StaticText(panel, -1, '', pos = (20, 120), size = (200,16))
#---| Text Boxes |---#
self.text1 = wx.TextCtrl(panel, pos = (20, 30), size = (100,23))
self.text2 = wx.TextCtrl(panel, pos = (20, 80), size = (100,23))
#---| Picture_Button |---#
self.button1 = wx.BitmapButton(panel, -1 ,wx.Bitmap("8.png"),
pos = (140, 35), size = (55,65))
self.button1.Bind(wx.EVT_BUTTON, self.button_click) #*bind to event*#
def button_click(self, event):
"""
in this case the data items are floating point numbers
that are simply added in the example data process
the result is displayed in a label
"""
try:
x = float(self.text1.GetValue())
y = float(self.text2.GetValue())
s = str(x + y)
self.result.SetLabel(str(s))
except ValueError:
self.result.SetLabel('Enter numeric values for x and y')
#---|Set opp window and show |---#
if __name__ == "__main__":
app = wx.App()
mytitle = 'My window'
width = 230
height = 180
MyFrame(None, mytitle, (width, height)).Show()
app.MainLoop()
#make_name.py
#saved in python26 folder
def makeName():
name = raw_input("Please enter your name")
return name
So how to use it.
>>> import make_name
>>> dir(make_name)
['__builtins__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__name__', '__package__', 'makeName']
>>> #We look at spesial methods 2 underscore and makName function
>>> make_name.__file__
'C:\\Python26\\make_name.py'
>>> make_name.__name__
'make_name'
>>> make_name.__doc__
>>> #We have not made a doc string in this function
>>> make_name.makeName
<function makeName at 0x01DCFCB0>
>>> #We se function makeName and a memory location
>>> make_name.makeName()
Please enter your nameTom
'Tom'
>>> #Call the function,remember we dont need a print statement when we do this in IDLE.
>>> from make_name import makeName
>>> makeName()
#Now i have put make_name in global namespace and can call only function name
Like this,i have put function call in variable name and age.
def main():
name = makename()
age = makeage()
print "You are" ,age ,"years old", name
def makename():
name = raw_input("Please enter your name ")
return name
def makeage():
year = input("What is the year current year? ")
byear = input("What year were you born in? ")
age = year - byear
return age
main()
onsubmit is just ignored by mechanize, no javascript interpretation is done. You need to verify what loginCheck(); in some limited case (Validation) you can do programmatically what javascript does.
For running code once you can write a function like this.
import time
def test():
"Stupid test function"
L = []
for i in range(100):
L.append(i)
def time_code(arg):
'''For running code once,and take time'''
start = time.clock()
arg()
end = time.clock()
print 'Code time %.6f seconds' % (end - start)
if __name__ == '__main__':
time_code(test)
'''-->Out
Code time 0.000187 seconds
'''
Most off the time you are dealing with code that are to fast to only run once. That`s where timit is fine.
Here you see that list comprehensions is a litte faster than ordinary for loop. Here i set timit to run 1000 loops.
import timeit
test = '''
L = []
for i in range(1000):
L.append(i)
'''
#-----------#
#The same code as test written with list comprehensions
test_lc = '''
L = [i for i in range(1000)]
'''
print timeit.Timer(stmt = test).timeit(number=1000)
'''-->Out
2.51438868285
'''
print timeit.Timer(stmt = test_lc).timeit(number=1000)
'''-->Out
1.23845643574
'''
for x in range(5):
print x,
#the same in C++ is:
for (int x = 0; x < 5; x++)
cout << x;
//C++
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int size;
size = 4;
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
cout << '*' <<endl;
return 0;
}
#python
size = 4
for i in range(size):
print '*'
#A python function for this
def asterix(num, lenght):
a = '*' * num
for i in range(lenght):
print a
asterix(4,4)
'''-->Out
****
****
****
****
'''
Using global is not a good soultion at all,learn to give argument at return value out functions. A simple example.
def newUser():
Username = raw_input('Choose a username? ')
return Username
def reg_user(newUser):
'''Make 3 users an save to a list'''
l = []
for i in range(3):
l.append(newUser())
return l
if __name__ == '__main__':
print reg_user(newUser)
'''-->Out
Choose a username? Tom
Choose a username? Paul
Choose a username? Hans
['Tom', 'Paul', 'Hans']
'''
Think about your design. One textbox user enter 3 number. Then operator / and then user enter new number and you get and average. Like a normal calculator.
What if user want average of 5 number,should you create 5 textboks?
import time
def foo():
for i in range(100000):
i
def time_code(arg):
start = time.clock()
arg()
end = time.clock()
print 'Code time %.3f seconds' % (end - start)
if __name__ == '__main__':
time_code(foo)
Most off the time code is to fast to measure only with one run,that`s why man use timeit modulen for measurement of code time. From command line or script.
C:\>python -m timeit "for i in xrange(100): pass"
1000000 loops, best of 3: 1.77 usec per loop
#Are tuple faster than list?
C:\>python -m timeit (1,2,3,4)
10000000 loops, best of 3: 0.0226 usec per loop
C:\>python -m timeit [1,2,3,4]
10000000 loops, best of 3: 0.194 usec per loop
#Yes tuple are faster than list
Something like this,look into findall off re module. Dont use str as variable,it`s a builtin key word.
>>> str
<type 'str'>
>>> help(str)
Help on class str in module __builtin__:
>>> import re
>>> help(re.findall)
Help on function findall in module re:
findall(pattern, string, flags=0)
Return a list of all non-overlapping matches in the string.
If one or more groups are present in the pattern, return a
list of groups; this will be a list of tuples if the pattern
has more than one group.
Empty matches are included in the result.
import re
text = '''\
Subs cars are test driving in space,and many pigs are flying.
'''
test_match = re.findall(r'\w+[s]\b', text)
print test_match
#->['Subs', 'cars', 'pigs']
def wordPop(text, n):
nwords = []
words = text.split()
for word in words:
if (len(word) >= n):
nwords.append(word)
return sorted(nwords)
w = 'This is a test off word lenght'
print wordPop(w.lower(), 4)
#->['lenght', 'test', 'this', 'word']
So i removed you length_compare function. sorted(nwords,cmp=length_compare) So this get wrong,first off cmp is a python key word. And your "length_compare" function is not comparing anything.
>>> cmp
<function length_compare at 0x0265EF30>
>>> help(cmp)
Help on function cmp=length_compare in module __main__:
length_compare(x, y)
def length_compare(x, y):
return len(x) - len(y)
x = 'hi'
x = 'test'
print length_compare(x, y) #->2
#If you call function you have to use 2 argument
#And it`s not comparing anything,just extract test(4) from hi(2)
import re
html = """\
<div style="background: url(/groups/roundedcorners?
c=999999&bc=white&w=4&h=4&a=af) 0px 0px; width: 4px; height: 4px">
Ask how to use HTMLParser
</div>"""
test_match = re.sub(r'<.*?>|<\w{3}', '', html)
print test_match
'''-->Out
style="background: url(/groups/roundedcorners?
c=999999&bc=white&w=4&h=4&a=af) 0px 0px; width: 4px; height: 4px">
Ask how to use HTMLParser
'''
Always specify the exceptions to catch. Never use bare except clauses. Bare except clauses will catch unexpected exceptions, making your code exceedingly difficult to debug.
Let you code run if you catch new exception,you can put them in except(all my catch)
try:
x = float(raw_input('Enter the first number: '))
y = float(raw_input('Enter the second number: '))
print x / y
except (ZeroDivisionError, TypeError, ValueError):
print 'Your numbers were bogus...'
Or you can split it upp.
try:
x = float(raw_input('Enter the first number: '))
y = float(raw_input('Enter the second number: '))
print x / y
except ZeroDivisionError:
print "The second number can't be zero!"
except ValueError:
print "That wasn't a number, was it?"
If you use findall you can use something simple as this.
import re
text = '''\
my open verb in in red box test kk55 with me as key.
'''
test_match = re.findall(r'open|red|box|with|key' ,text)
print test_match
#->['open', 'red', 'box', 'with', 'key']
do I have to save it in a certain spot because It's just keeps telling me invalid syntax
Have you look at my post it should be clear?
You have to run it from command line. Start->run->cmd
cxfreeze hello.py --target-dir dist do I have to save it in a certain spot because It's just keeps telling me invalid syntax
This is more a pseudo explations,and will off course give you and syntak error if you dont change it.
E:\1py\freeze>python my_cx_freeze.py build #This is the line that start build process
(Your path)python my_cx_freeze.py build #Change to wish dir you like
This run the my_cx_freeze.py that has a link to the program i want to make exe of. Wish is in my case was date.py
Testet this out with python 2.65 This should work for python 3.xx to. Made a dir E:\1py\frezze In that dir i have 2 files.
#cx_freeze test save in dir E:\1py\freeze
#date.py
import time
date_old = "05.26.1999"
#Use strptime(time_str, format_str) to form a time tuple
time_tuple = time.strptime(date_old, "%m.%d.%Y")
#Use time.strftime(format_str, time_tuple) to create new format
date_new = time.strftime("%b-%d", time_tuple)
print(date_old) # 14-05-1999
print(date_new) # May-14
raw_input('press enter to exit!')
#Cx_freeze test save in dir E:\1py\freeze
#my_cx_freeze.py
"""
con_setup.exe
Using cx_freeze with Python31 to package a console
program to an executable file (.exe in Windows OS).
Might want to put a console-wait-line in at the end of your program.
Put this setup program and your console program file into the same
directory. Change the filename in this setup program and also edit
name, version and description in setup() if you so desire.
Run the build process by running the command:
python con_setup.py build
A directory 'build' is created with a subdirectory 'exe.win32-3.1'
containing all the files needed for distribution including the
.exe file named after the console program file.
The total distribution has a size of about 4.2 Mb.
"""
from cx_Freeze import setup, Executable
# change the filename to your program file
filename = "date.py"
setup(
name = "date",
version = "1.0",
description = "console cx_Freeze script",
executables = [Executable(filename)])
So then i have 2 files in E:\1py\freeze(date.py and my_cx_freeze.py)
As ultimatebuster explain return get you out of a function and break get you out off a while loop. An example.
def find_father():
pass
def main():
'''Main menu and info '''
while True:
print 'Father finder'
print '(1) 1 - Find a Father'
print '(Q) Quit'
choice = raw_input('Enter your choice: ')
if choice == '1':
find_father()
elif choice.lower() == 'q':
return #Get out of while loop
else:
print 'Not a correct choice:', choice
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
I we take out while loop out off the function,we use break.
while True:
print 'Father finder'
print '(1) 1 - Find a Father'
print '(Q) Quit'
choice = raw_input('Enter your choice: ')
if choice == '1':
print 'Find father'
elif choice.lower() == 'q':
break #Get out off the while loop
else:
print 'Not a correct choice:', choice
For this i think a dictionary approach is most natural. @Beat_Slayer test your code.
Edit:
lets suppose, South Africa.
South Africa work fine in mine code. A7 is South Africa
countries = [i.strip() for i in open('countries.txt')]
#Bad variables list
var_list = ['A1', 'A2', 'A3', 'A4', 'A5', 'A6']
countries_Dict = dict(zip(var_list, countries))
print (countries_Dict)
#Iterate over Dict
for k,v in countries_Dict.items():
print ('%s is %s' % (k, v))
'''Out-->
{'A1': 'england', 'A3': 'spain', 'A2': 'america', 'A5': 'germany', 'A4': 'brazil',
A1 is england
A3 is spain
A2 is america
A5 is germany
A4 is brazil
A6 is australia
'''
>>> x = 'car'
>>> x.close()
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<interactive input>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: 'str' object has no attribute 'close'
As tony mention str has no close() method as a file object.
cStringIO module has close(),or maybe you are trying to use close on what you think is a file object. You can check type like this.
>>> x = 'car'
>>> type(x)
<type 'str'>
>>>
#cStringIO demo
>>> from cStringIO import StringIO
>>> output = StringIO()
>>> output.write('This goes into the buffer.\n')
>>> output.write('car')
>>> print output.getvalue()
This goes into the buffer.
car
>>> output.close() # discard buffer memory
I pretty much give you the answer. "05/26/1999" should be covert to May-26,look at my first code. Then rebuild your function with that code. Get the function to work first then you can think of exception handling.
I see an other approach by tony using datetime module,that also work fine. Tony can also use this format 01.12.2020.
For that to work we have to change like this in my code.
try:
# use strptime(time_str, format_str) to form a time tuple
time_tuple = time.strptime(date_old, fmt)
except: #Dont use bare except try to catch specific error that are comming
#Example except ValueError or something else.
pass
